The impact of globalization Essays

The impact of globalization Essays The impact of globalization Essay The impact of globalization Essay Write an essay on the impact of globalization on societal policy. Introduction: This essay will discourse globalisation in respects to societal policy, it will look on the impact it has made on societal policy. It will include a definition of globalisation, including what it is and how it works. Following it will discourse economic globalisation, what caused it and who is involved in the procedure of it. After it will analyze planetary administration, how this job would be solved and how other issues are resolved. Throughout these definitions it will look at transnational corporations, the nation’s province, international organisation and civil society organisations. Last it will reason with an sentiment on whether globalisation has impacted on societal policy. Globalization: Today we hear a batch about globalisation and the ways in how it’s altering out universe, it has affected many states in assorted ways including ; economically, politically and socially. Globalization has been used as a generic term to depict a assortment of economic procedures, including ; increasing internalisation of the production and exchange of goods and services, the deregulating of fiscal minutess, the resettlement and restructuring of productive activities in the universe and the spread of free trade on a universe broad graduated table ( Sykes, 2003 ) . Globalization has effects on the environment, on civilization, political systems, economic development and on human physical wellbeing in all different states in the universe. Globalization is non a new epidemic, for old ages people and corporations have been purchasing and selling from each other from great distances across the universe. There are many manifestations of globalisation, these include ; communicating, in gestion, finance and planetary money ( Schiarto and Webb, 2003 ) . It has been argued that the spread of globalisation means the economic links between state provinces in the universe market have become more competitory. Globalization is progressively seen as a cardinal characteristic of the development of universe capitalist economy taking to nationally managed economic systems, to the prostration of state provinces and to a loss of democratic control by ordinary citizens over their lives ( Ritzer, 2007 ) . The current moving ridge of globalisation has been driven by policies that have opened economic systems domestically and internationally. In the past two decennaries many authoritiess have adopted free market systems, increasing their ain potency and making new chances for international trade and investing. Governments besides have negotiated decreases in barriers and have established international understandings to advance trade and services ( Hopper, 2006 ) . Corporations have taken advantage of this and have built foreign mills and established production with foreign spouses, this is a defining characteristic of globalisation, an international industrial and fiscal concern construction. Another principal of globalisation is engineering ; the promotion in engineering has improved the economic life. It has provided all kinds of economic tools for placing and prosecuting economic chances including faster and more elaborate tendencies around the universe. Globalization can be really controversial, as some argue that it allows poorer states to better their life by developing their lives economically ; nevertheless some people believe that it’s a negative development, as because of the international free market economic system, the smaller local endeavors and local civilizations are affected. To happen the balance between benefits and costs with globalisations, people all over the universe demand to understand how globalisation works, and how the policies confronting them work ( Koivukoski and Tabachnick, 2004 ) . Economic Globalization: Economic globalisation is the increasing economic integrating and mutuality of national, regional and local economic systems around the universe, it focuses on the globalisation of production, finance, establishments, organisations and selling and engineering. While economic globalisation has been spread outing since the development of international trade, it has grown at an increased rate over the last 20-30 old ages, this has made states cut down trade barriers. This cut has led to accounted economic systems incorporating with less developed economic systems. Not merely has economic globalisation increased incomes and lowered consumer monetary values, it besides changes the power balance between developing and developed states and has an impact on the civilization of each affected state ( Cousins, 2005 ) . The ground for this economic globalisation is due to the rapid growing of engineering and scientific discipline, cut downing the cost of transit and communicating. This type of t echnological promotion has greatly reduced the cost of international trade and investing. For illustration Ford autos are designed in Germany, its pitching system in Korea, the pump in the USA and its engines in Australia ( Shangquan, 2005 ) . It is this exact type of technological promotion that has made this type of planetary production possible. If technological promotion and information engineering development were the driving force for economic globalisation, so the market orientated transmutation carried out throughout the universe would be considered as an institutional drive force for this tendency. Economic globalisation is organized by transnational corporations, which are its primary bearers. The transnational corporations ( MNCs ) organise production and designating resources in order for maximal net income. Economic globalisation in the fiscal sector has become the fasted growth and most influential facet of globalisation. International finance besides began to function the demands of international investing Acts of the Apostless and trade. Economic globalisation has intensified in the universe, which means the competition at the international market is tougher among the endeavors from different states around the universe. Both domestic endeavors and those from different states around the universe have been fall backing to amalgamations and aid from one another, in order to better their fight and to raise their places, in the terminal this consequences in moving ridges of industrial restructuring. In the procedure of economic globalisation it is the dominant states that play the dominant function. This function of developed states is besides apparent in the fact that they determine the regulations for international economic exchanges. Global Administration: Global administration is the different ways organisations, concerns and establishments manage their personal businesss, it includes the application of Torahs and ordinances, but besides the norms, ethical criterions and imposts ( WHO.ie, 2014 ) . It is a system used to accomplish common aims in a just and merely manner. This means that values, criterions and Torahs would wholly be the same, they they should be analysed, discussed and understood in the best manner possible. Normally the authorities has been associated with regulating establishments. However governance littorals for formal political establishments that aims to organize and command independent societal dealingss. Good planetary administration is when the personal businesss are good, non the Torahs and ordinances in topographic point. The demand for planetary administration is from the consequence of the globalisation procedure, it calls chiefly for the direction of market failures and their effects in interstate dealing ss. Typical illustrations of administration include weaponries control and free trade direction to get by with the hazards of weaponries race. Global administration can non work without power, without power in states there can non be any successful out comes ( Vayrynan, 1999 ) . There are three different parts of administration. First is international system, â€Å"composed of autonomous provinces, organized in logic that’s needfully the same as a decentralized mechanism† ( Lamy, 2010 ) . Most international organisations operate in this manner. Then there’s the European Union, the manifestation of an international organisation of integrating in which members have agreed to abandon laterality in order to beef up the effectivity of the state’s actions. Finally there’s the states province, the holder of power. That nation’s province is able to implement persons to pay revenue enhancements or to obey velocity bounds. The chief challenge of plane tary administration is to place leading, and to happen the balance between the three parts discussed. Cardinal Elementss That Influence Globalization: Globalization can be influenced by certain factors ; in this subdivision seven different factors that influence globalisation will be discussed ; historical, economic system, resources and market, production issues, political, industrial organisation and engineerings. First there’s historical, the trade paths used were made old ages ago so goods and services could be brought from one state to another. There is a well-known path from E to west, and this is an illustration of a historical factor. Next there is economic system, one time a merchandise has reached its purchaser, the cost and value of the good or service determines the motion of good and values add-on. This overall is a really of import factor of globalisation. Third is the resources and markets, this is a factor act uponing globalisation as all natural resources like oil, gas, H2O, coal or human resources contribute to it. Then there is production issues, if companies are over capacitated or the domestic market is slacking this will do companies travel planetary for better options for goods or services. The following factor that influences globalisation is political, if a state has political issues this may take to globalisation. The 6th factor would be industrial organisation ; this is where the developments of engineering in countries of production, houses and merchandise mix are assisting companies to spread out their work. The hiring service has a strong influence on globalisation. The last factor is engineerings, this gives a rise of importing or exporting of goods and services to and from different states ( Chand, 2014 ) . Positives and negatives of globalisation: There are both positive and negative facets of globalisation. The first benefit would be free trade. Free trade reduces the barriers that stand between states merchandising with one another. When there are no barriers to merchandise, states engage in free trade. This means that there are benefits for economic systems and consumers ( Bolderson and Mabbett, 1999 ) . There would be a greater pick of goods and services for consumers, there would be lower monetary values as the completion would lift and monetary values would drop. Another benefit of economic globalisation would be free motion of labor. This is where workers can travel from one state to another easy, where they can lend to different economic systems with their selling accomplishments. Free motion of labour allows economic systems to make full any spreads that are in the labor markets, by engaging workers from different states to make full occupations. This manner companies can engage workers from foreign states to work, ut ilizing their online tools and telecommunications. These benefits of free motion of labor besides works in a different way, for illustration if a state has really small occupations but excessively many workers, a worker may take to travel to different markets where a occupation may be better. Although free trade and free motion of labor are benefits for economic systems, they can besides hold a negative consequence. The biggest downside of globalisation is the injury to economic systems caused at early phases of development. Free trade forces all states to vie with each other, and this consequences in the smaller, less developed states falling behind the more developed 1s. Another downside was due to the possibility of workers traveling from one state to another, states would happen it difficult to promote their workers to remain in their ain state. Another negative consequence is the negative impact globalisation has on revenue enhancement. Since states are frequently merchandising with each other, a batch of larger states avoid paying revenue enhancements. States have really small control over the bigger states avoiding revenue enhancement, which means they have to raise the revenue enhancements in their ain states to seek and do up for the lost revenue enhancement aggr egations. Last, globalisation has a cultural impact on states that have a big in-migration record, go forthing a weakening in civilizations that favour greater cultural and economic authorization. Decision: To reason this essay, globalisation is the procedure of international integrating originating from the interchange of universe positions, merchandises, thoughts and other facets of civilization. It affects the environment, civilization, political relations, economic system, development and human well-being worldwide. Some people believe that globalisation is about competition, that the poorer, led developed states fall behind the more developed 1s. Following economic globalisation is the dependance of states, it includes their utilizations of finance, production, establishments and organisations. Economic globalisation is when states have had to cut their monetary values for goods and services as the competition in the more developed states is excessively high. After economic globalisation, there’s planetary administration. This is the manner states control their organisations and concerns, intending they introduce Torahs and ordinances. The cardinal elements that influence gl obalisation are ; history, economic system, resources and market, production issues, political relations, industrial organisations and engineerings, in other words globalisation is influenced depending on a states province or place. Last there are both positive and negative effects of globalisation. The positives include ; free trade and free motion of labor. The negatives are ; the injury to the economic systems, states unable to maintain their ain workers, revenue enhancement and the deficiency of civilizations left in specific states. Finally, I think that globalisation has affected societal policy, as different states all run otherwise. If every state was ran the same manner there would be no competition and every state would be equal, go forthing everyone with equal occupations and chances. Word Count:2096 Mentions: Bolderson, H. , Mabbett, D.. ( 1999 ) . Theories and Methods in Comparative Social Policy. In: Clasen, J.Comparative Social Policy Concepts, Theories and Methods. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p48-49. Chand, S.. ( 2014 ) .7 Factors Influencing Globalization – Discussed! .Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.yourarticlelibrary.com/globalization/7-factors-influencing-globalization-discussed/22639/ . Last accessed 30th November 2014. Cousins, M. ( 2005 ) .European Welfare States.London: Sage Publications. P.44 Hopper, P. ( 2006 ) .Populating With Globalization. Oxford: Berg Publishers. p16-17. Koivukoski, T. , Tabachnick, D. ( 2004 ) .Globalization, Technology and Philosophy. United States of America: State University of New York Press. p9-13. Lamy, P.. ( 2010 ) . Of What Use is Global Governance? .The Global Journal. 110 ( 1 ) , p1-5. Ritzer, G. ( 2007 ) .A Blackwell Companion to Globalization. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p30. Schirato, T. , Webb, J. ( 2003 ) .Understanding Globalization. London: Sage Publications. p2-5. Shangquan, G.. ( 2000 ) . Economic Globalization: Tendencies, Risks and Risk Prevention.Economic and Social Affairs. 10 ( 1 ) , p10. Sykes, R. , ( 2003 ) . Social Policy and Globalization. In: Alcock, P. Erskine, A. May, M.The Students Companion to Social Policy. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p.161. Vayrynan, R. ( 1999 ) .Globalization and Global Governance. United States of America: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers INC. p25-28. Who.ie. ( 2014 ) .Trade, foreign policy, diplomatic negotiations and wellness.Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/trade/glossary/story038/en/ . Last accessed 30th November 2014 1

Understanding Anthimeria in Language

Understanding Anthimeria in Language Anthimeria is a rhetorical term for the creation of a new word or expression by using one part of speech or word class in place of another. For example, in the slogan for Turner Classic Movies, Lets Movie, the noun movie is used as a verb. In grammatical studies, anthimeria is known as a functional shift or conversion. The word comes from the Greek, meaning one part for another. Anthimeria and Shakespeare In the National Review in 1991, Linda Bridges and William F. Rickenbacker discussed William Shakespeares use of anthimeria and its impact on the English language. Anthimeria: Use of a word that is normally one part of speech in a situation that requires it to be understood as a different part of speech. In English, and this is one of its greatest virtues, almost any noun can be verbed. Indeed, one can read scarce a page of Shakespeare without running across some new verb hatched out of his teeming loin. To scarf, for example, was the verb implied in Hamlets speech, where he says, My sea-gown  scarfd  about me.   Ben Yagoda wrote about Shakespeare and anthimeria in The New York Times in 2006. Lexical categories are quite useful. They make possible not only Mad Libs but also the rhetorical device  anthimeria - using a word as a  noncustomary  part of speech -   which is the reigning figure of speech of the present moment. Thats not to say its a new thing. In Middle English, the nouns duke and lord started to be used as verbs, and the verbs cut and rule shifted to nouns. Shakespeare was a pro at this; his characters coined verbs -   season  your admiration, dog them at the heels and such nouns as design, scuffle and shudder. Less common shifts are  noun  to adjective (S.J. Perlmans Beauty Part), adjective to noun (the Wicked Witchs Ill get you, my pretty) and adverb to verb (to down a drink).This functional shifting, as grammarians call it, is a favorite target of language mavens, whose eyebrows rise several inches when nouns like impact and access are verbed. Anthimeria in Advertising Yagoda discussed the use of anthimeria in advertising in the Chronicle of Higher Education in 2016. The ubiquity of ads spreads the use of new words, well, like crazy. Ads using  anthimeria  are everywhere. They can be divided into several categories, and I’ll start with the most popular. Adjective Into NounMore Happy - SonosBring the Good - Organic Valley MilkWatch All the Awesome - go90Where Awesome Happens - XfinityWe Put the Good in Morning - Tropicana . . .Noun Into VerbCome TV With Us - HuluHow to Television - AmazonLet’s Holiday - Skyy vodkaAdjective Into AdverbLive Fearless - Blue Cross Blue ShieldBuild It Beautiful - Squarespace . . . I am second to no one in my appreciation for anthimeria and the way it gooses the English language. But at this point, it’s a lazy, played-out cliche, and any copywriters who continue to resort to it should be ashamed of themselves. Examples of Anthimeria Kate: Hes still in the rec room, right?Hurley: I moved him to the boathouse. You just totally Scooby-Dood me, didnt you? -   Eggtown, Lost, 2008Ive often got the kid in my minds eye. Shes a dolichocephalic Trachtenberg, with her daddys narrow face and Jesusy look. -   Saul Bellow, More Die of Heartbreak (1987)Flaubert me no Flauberts. Bovary me no Bovarys. Zola me no Zolas. And exuberance me no exuberance. Leave this stuff for those who huckster in it and give me; I pray you, the benefits of your fine intelligence and your high creative faculties, all of which I so genuinely and profoundly admire. Thomas Wolfe, letter to F. Scott FitzgeraldCalvin and Hobbes on Verbing:Calvin: I like to verb words.Hobbes: What?Calvin: I take nouns and adjectives and use them as verbs. Remember when access was a thing? Now its something you do. It got verbed. Verbing weirds language.Hobbes: Maybe we can eventually make language a complete impediment to understanding. -   Bill Watterson, Calvin an d Hobbes

Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research - Essay Example It may for example compromise doctrines of justice and beneficence in a research (Lo, 2012). Research with vulnerable and protected groups is another ethical dilemma. It arises from the doctrine of justice that established the need for protecting the participants. The rules however restrict a researcher’s freedom to explore a research problem from a systematic approach and therefore tempt the researcher to breach the rules. The use of self as a research subject is another ethical dilemma in qualitative research. This is because of associated self-interest in the research together with increased chances of biasness that arises from the subjective nature of a qualitative research, factors that undermine potential advantages of the approach to research such as a researcher’s rich experiences as a cheap and readily available source of data (Krishnaswamy, Sivakumar and Mathirajan, 2009). The scope of my study that involves exploration of human experiences is susceptible to e thical issues such as â€Å"autonomy, beneficence, and justice† (Academic Conference, 2010). Developing a research methodology and proposed methods for implementing a research is one of the fundamentals to a successful research. Ensuring an ethical research by providing for ethical considerations and implementing the considerations in a research process is however a challenge. This is because the ethical requirements restrict a researcher and scope of a research. I have therefore realized that the need to conduct a thorough research may force a qualitative researcher to compromise ethical

Exams questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Exams questions - Essay Example This was interpreted by some commentators as the Jihadists’ way of warning Australia and deterring it in collaborating with the United States. But unfortunately, the message was ignored by the Australian government, putting its citizens at ever greater risk. Bali might not be officially Australian soil, but with the organization and skill with which the Islamic militants operate, it might not be long before Australia is made to pay for its ill advised alliance with imperialists further north (Abuza, 2003, p.170). With the apparent failure of its participation in the War of Terror campaign, the policy makers in Canberra should also remind themselves of the real causes of Bali bombings. The Establishment press, most of it owned or controlled by Rupert Murdoch and keen on promoting its own interests had presented a blanket view in its Bali reports. For example, the Australian mainstream media wants its citizens to believe that the terror attack in the Indonesian island was a sequel to the campaign of hatred against western way of life that was kick-started with September 11 attacks. But this view-point is not accurate. The South East Asia region has a large Muslim population. Indonesia is a thriving centre for Islamic scholarship and practice. But unfortunately, Australia had in the past sided with the oppressive Suharto regime (with the tacit support of the United States and Britain) and had indirectly aided injustice in the past. The Muslims in the region have every reason to feel aggrieved. What Australia needs to do is to keep its intelligence gathering efforts to a minimum and focus its energies on reaching out to its neighbours. A real change in the threat of terror will only come about when economic opportunism and imperialist ambition is replaced with humanitarian concern and noble statesmanship. It is becoming obvious that the best way forward for policy makers in Canberra is to sever

Quantitative Methods for Historical Data Analysis

Quantitative Methods for Historical Data Analysis The use of quantitative methods for historical data analysis has become popularized by demographers, sociologists, social science historians, and economic historians since the Economic History Association and the National Bureau of Economic Research conference on income and wealthy in 1957.[1] In the past six decades, with the rapid development of computer information system and prevailing global Internet, quantitative analysis is gradually drawing history research closer to science and helps intensify peoples understanding of history. The first historical study that utilizes the quantitative analysis of historical data is Emily Eriksons, Malfeasance and the Foundations for Global Trade: The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833.[2] In their 2006 article, Erikson and Bearman analyze that the growth and the global trade network of East India Company (EIC), 1601 to 1833, is mainly ascribed not to the entrepreneurial power of the company but to that its individual agents acting in their own self-interest, often at the expense of the EIC. To investigate the practices of individual malfeasance, Erikson and Bearman use data based on the sufficient data of 4,572 voyages taken by EIC including the records of ships, ship logs, journals, ports, voyage schedules, ledgers, individual and corporate correspondences, financial records and books, receipts, registers of cargo, personnel, and armaments. Data from The Catalogue of the East India Companys Ships Journals and Logs, 1600-1834 and The Biographical index of East India Company maritime service officers: 1600-1834 are used to demonstrate the carrying capacity of the EIC and the ports involved in the trade network.[3] Evidence reveals that the EIC management created opportunities for the private traders that were involved in malfeasance and for the relationship between EIC and the private traders. Evidence also shows how EIC management identified the private traders, the captains on the ships, and who used company resources to conduct private trades for personal profits. In addition to the impacts on economics, the history of malfeasance can be associated with social, cultural, and political factors. By using this data, Erikson and Bearman trace EIC trade from its early access to the Silk Road to the crossing of the Indian Ocean and discovering of an all-water route to Asia.[4] Through the examination of individual ships port visits, Erikson and Bearman are able to develop a thesis that argues the personal ambitions of ships captains indirectly led to a more developed globalized trade network. The second historical study that utilize the quantitative analysis of historical data is Tyler Anbinders Moving beyond Rags to Riches: New Yorks Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts (Anbinder 2012). In his 2012 article, Anbinder examines the financial conditions of New York Irish immigrant community in the nineteenth century. Rather than rely solely on the correspondences, employment records, and estimated assets, Anbinder uses a resource newly available to historians as of his writing: the Irish immigrants saving accounts at the Emigrant Saving Bank. [5] Anbinder challenges the long-held beliefs of many historians that Irish immigrants, particularly the Famine immigrants, were desperately poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Widely despised, and often subsisting on the bare edge of starvation.[6] He argues that the Irish immigrants communities had optimistic chance of success based on the amount of money in their saving accounts.[7] To examine the savings of New Yorks Irish famine immigrants, Anbinder and his students conducted a research study by creating a database of nine hundred depositors (both immigrants and non-immigrants).[8] These were randomly chosen from among the first 18,000 accounts opened at the bank. Important factors examined include date of arrival in America, occupational distribution, and immigrants economic backgrounds in Ireland.[9] Anbinder argues the findings that the saving figures were underestimated the immigrants true net worth because of an overlook of immigrants additional accounts, remittances to the family in Ireland, other kinds of assets (real estate, business investments, personal property), and the actual financial resources.[10] Based on evidence, Anbinder acknowledges how the famine-era immigrant saved money from an unskilled job to a more profit-making category, own business, and/or using political connections to get higher-paying occupations. Anbinder illustrates a portrait of New York Irish immigrants using quantitative analysis of their bank records to draw out simple and independent indicators is radically different from his colleagues. In addressing his peers in eth field, Anbinder states that it is the historians responsibly to discard entirely the rags-to-riches paradigmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and instead reconceptualize how we think about immigrant economic achievement in America.[11] He urges historians to look more at savings rather than these other measures of economic achievement. Saving is much more accurate measure of economic accomplishment, and the data is available, waiting to be explored. But it needs to be exploited soon because the records are quickly disappearing.[12] The third historical study that utilizes the quantitative analysis of historical data is the third chapter of Susie Paks Gentlemen Bankers: The World of J. P. Morgan. In her book, Pak examines the inner working of the private banking sectors from the perspective of J. P. Morgan Co. Paks approach differs from other studies of the private bankers to compartmentalize their lives into economic, business, and social circles. Studying these circles, Pak argues, is problematic in that it obscures the context in which social choice and business decisions were made and instead, call for an integrated approach. Rather than writing a biography of the Morgans, Pak takes a broad view of the Morgans relationships, combining and drawing on the studies of the Morgans social and business relations that have come before it.[13] She focuses on a history of their network, meaning it studies their relationships and how they were organized.[14] In addition to broadening the parameters of the study, Pak u ses quantitative methods to analyze historical data that helps verify some facts with results that have been mixed. In the third chapter of the book, Gentlemen Bankers, Pak examines the relationships between J.P. Morgan Co. and the Jewish banking family of Kuhn, Leob Co.[15] She argues that religion led to the rise of Jewish firms and influenced the social clubs to which certain successful bankers and lawyers belonged. To investigate how the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs) and German-Jewish bankers were able to build trust and work together under the hostile anti-Semitism in America, Pak analyzes Morgans appointment books, social club ledgers, and patterns of residence within the neighbors as well as the syndicate partners. She points out the structural and historical similarities were existed between Jewish and Yankee bankers, such as an unlimited liability private partnership, strong connections with European economic networks, shared multiple kinship ties and family marriages.[16] She also argues that social separation significantly existed because of the cultural, religious differences , language barriers, and other historical trends.[17] Starting in the nineteenth century, discrimination against the Jewish among Anglo-Americans occurred in institutions of higher learning and high society.[18] Pak illustrates that Morgan and Jewish did not reside or congregate within the same social clubs or fraternities. However, in the nine to five relationship that while Jewish and non-Jewish bankers were able to maintain their connection in downtown during the working hours, and yet the partners residences in uptown New York remained separated.[19] Pak also points out not only anti-Semitism existed between Jewish and non-Jewish bankers, racial and gender discrimination against non-white immigrants and women was not usual in the financial world during the time.[20] Paks integrated approach analyzing the appointment books, social club ledgers, and the patterns of residence within the neighbors and the syndicate partners helps interpret and analyze historical evidence more effectively. [1] North, Douglass C. Cliometrics-40 Years Later. The American Economic Review, 1977: 412-414Two presentations by Alfred Conrad and John Meyer analyzing the history of the economies of U.S. and Canada in quantitative terms, on methodology (1957) and on the economics of slavery (1958), see also Conrad, A. H. and Meyer, J. R. Economic Theory, Statistical Inference and Economic History, Journal of Economic History 17:4 (Dec. 1957): 524-44: Conrad, A. H. and Meyer, J. R. The Economics of Slavery in the Antebellum South. Journal of Political Economy 66:2 (April 1958): 95-130. [2] Erikson, Emily. Malfeasance and the Foundations for Global Trade: The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833. The American Journal of Sociology, 2006: 195-230. [3] Ibid. 207 [4] Ibid. 200 [5] Tyler Anbnder, Moving beyond Rags to Riches: New Yorks Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts, Journal of American History 99, no. 3 (2012): 743 [6] 4 Oscar Handlin, Bostons Immigrants: A Study in Acculturation (1941; Cambridge, Mass., 1991), 69, 55; Kerby A. Miller, Emigrants and Exiles: Ireland and the Irish Exodus to North America (New York, 1985), 314-16, 321-22; Donald Harman Akenson, The Irish Diaspora: A Primer (Toronto, 1993), 236-44; Kevin Kenny, Twenty Years of Irish American Historiography, Journal of American Ethnic History, 28 (Summer 2009), 67-69; Kenneth A. Scherzer, Immigrant Social Mobility and the Historian, in A Companion to American Immigration, ed. Reed Ueda (Malden, 2006), 374; Edward Ayers et al., American Passages: A History of the United States (Fort Worth, 2000), 397. [7] Tyler Anbnder, Moving beyond Rags to Riches: New Yorks Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts, Journal of American History 99, no. 3 (2012): 743 [8] Ibid. 747 [9] Ibid. [10] Ibid. 751 [11] Tyler Anbnder, Moving beyond Rags to Riches: New Yorks Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts, Journal of American History 99, no. 3 (2012): 743 [12] Ibid. 769 [13] Susie J. Pak, Gentlemen Bankers: The world of J.P. Morgan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Unversity Press, 2013): 4 [14] Ibid. [15] Chapter three: Anti-Semitism in Economic Network, 81-106 [16] Susie J. Pak, Gentlemen Bankers: The world of J.P. Morgan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Unversity Press, 2013): 80-82 [17] Ibid. 86 The refusal of Joseph Seligman, to the Grand Union Hotel in Saratoga, New York, on the grounds that they were Jewish or to use the term of the hotel, Israelites,' [18] Susie J. Pak, Gentlemen Bankers: The world of J.P. Morgan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Unversity Press, 2013): 95 [19] Ibid. 85 [20] Ibid. 103-106

Ode to Evening

Tuesday, March 6, 2007 Ode to Evening – William Collins Introduction: â€Å"Ode to Evening,† is one among the most enduring poems of William Collins. It is a beautiful poem of fifty-two lines, addressed to a goddess figure representing evening. This nymph, or maid, who personifies dusk, is chaste, reserv’d, and meek, in contrast to the bright-hair’d sun, a male figure who withdraws into his tent, making way for night. Thus evening is presented as the transition between light and darkness. Collins’ Construction of Evening: Collins slowly constructs Evening as an allegorical figure with many attributes, and many aural and visual characteristics. Collins piles up epithets; Eve is â€Å"chaste,† â€Å"reserved,† â€Å"composed,† â€Å"calm,† â€Å"meekest†; her ear is â€Å"modest. † The figure of Eve so far is only yet a sketch, but her attributes add up to the idea of an attractive, calm woman who is not restless or forcefully active. Contrast of Evening with the Daytime: According to the poet, Evening possesses â€Å"solemn springs† and â€Å"dying gales† Daytime activity gives way to calm as the wind literally often dies down in the evening. Some activity now supplements our picture of Eve. The gentle movements of water and the air ensure that her figure is not static. Eve’s contrast with the daytime world is even more obvious when Collins compares her to the setting sun. The glaring â€Å"bright-haired sun† sits regally in his tent of clouds, the â€Å"skirts† or edges of which seem to be made of many-colored braided cloth. This ethereal (heavenly) cloth evokes a picture of a vivid sunset; the sun is descending to its â€Å"wavy bed,† behind an ocean or lake. The day is almost done, and the sun not at the height of vigor (he is in his tent), but the implication is that he rests only after an active day. The Journey of the Pilgrim into the world of Evening: After the sunset, at â€Å"twilight,† the world is not yet attuned to Eve’s mood. The air is hushed, except for some annoying sounds: the bat’s â€Å"short shrill shrieks† and sound of the beetle’s â€Å"small but sullen horn. † The bat’s weak eyes and â€Å"leathern wing† are not pleasant, nor are the many beetles as they are borne (by the a breeze, I assume) up against the pilgrim on his quasi-religious journey. The beetles’ horns together can be characterized a making a humming noise; in any case they are heedless of the annoyance they cause. The Poet in a Prayerful Mood: Up until now, Collins has simply been addressing Evening. The grammatical unit of the opening of the poem is not completed until Line 15: â€Å"Now teach me. † The mood of this verb is not imperative, but prayerful. In the drama of the poem, the speaker is at first unsure of himself but gradually gains confidence. Evening has finally arrived: darkening, still, genial, cheering, vital, and beloved. The poet prays for Eve to teach him to write a poem which praises her. This is Collins’ way. Description of Evening: Now the poem blossoms. Collins begins to build up, not a literal picture of Evening, but a picture of the allegorical figure of Evening composed of details which evoke more of her attributes. A â€Å"car† or processional vehicle is being prepared for Eve in which she can progress through the evening surrounded by her attendants. The picture Collins gives us of a ceremonial car would have been more familiar to his audience than to us. Her attendants add to her characterization. Her car is prepared by The Hours (goddesses who order the seasons and are given to adorn things), and accompanied by sprightly elves who sleep in flowers, river goddesses wreathed in sedge and shedding freshening dew, and pensive Pleasures. These are active and by-and-large beautiful figures, without being at all bustling or too dazzling. They all embellish the figure of Eve, delicately balancing her qualities: active yet calm, beautiful and cheerful yet chaste and reserved. The Spirit of Evening: Collins then asks Evening to lead on as she progresses to this lovely day’s end. She moves from the lowly heath, lighted now only by a reflection of a totally calm lake. Moving upward where Evening can be seen for the last time, the lake’s light cheers an ancient building and an upland field. Note that Eve is addressed a â€Å"vot’ress†; presumably like the poet she worships the spirit of Evening. The Other side of Evening: Collins now expands on his definition. So far, his description of Evening has been calm and beautiful. But Collins’ Evening is not just beautiful. She also includes â€Å"chill blustering winds† and â€Å"driving rain. † When he cannot walk about, the poet hopes to look out from a â€Å"hut† on a mountainside, rather like the place from which many Claude scenes are viewed. He will see wild scenery and flooding rivers, as well as the poem’s first traces of ordinary civilization: â€Å"hamlets brown, and dim-discovered spires. † Now night falls as Eve’s â€Å"dewy fingers draw / The gradual dusky veil. † Evening as seen through the Whole Year: Collins then takes Evening through the year. As before, some of the associations are not pleasant. Spring is nicely associated with both water and the movement of air (showers and â€Å"breathing tresses†), Summer with sport and half-light. Autumn is less lovely (sallow), but is generous with leaves. Winter is nasty, â€Å"yelling through the troublous air and attacking Eve’s train (of attendants? of her dress? ) and even rending her robes. Evening can be attacked and is vulnerable, but she is not defeated. Collin’s characterization leads us from the beautiful picture of the poems first 32 lines to a picture of Evening’s strength to endure through good and bad. All in all, Collins has accomplished what he evidently set out to do—catch lovely time of day in all its transitory aspects. Evening as a State of Mind: Lessons from Evening: From the beginning Collins has asked Evening to lead him on, to infuse his heart and mind with the ability to see her and write about her. The progress in the poem has not just been the gradual unfolding of Evening, but the gradual education of the poet about what Evening is—from the early visions of shadowy beauty to the qualities that endure through bad weather. These qualities have obvious human analogues. In short, Evening becomes, not only a time of day, but a state of mind that develops in the pilgrim/poet by contemplating and experiencing and writing about the literal evening. Literal evening is not just associated with but actually helps cause this wonderful calm, happy, contemplative, intelligent, happy, open, creative, sympathetic state of mind, the state that feeds Fancy (as in the writing of this poem), Friendship, Science (that is knowledge and learning), and for that matter physical, and by extension mental, health. It is no surprise that these qualities sing a hymn of praise to Evening—a hymn that is a sharp contrast to the yelling of winter a few lines before. [21] Conclusion: This poem points ahead. He is enabled by this state of mind and moves forward. Ode to Evening is one of the masterpieces of Collins. Collins’ odes, do not point morals. Rather they dramatically define their subject by building up a personified and vividly pictured allegorical character. it is the best of the mid-century odes and provides a good bridge to the great Romantic poets. – With due acknowledgements to Prof. George Soule

Anylizing Concepts of Justice in to Kill a Mockingbird

Analyzing the Concept of Justice in To Kill a Mockingbird Through the study this term of the central text, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, and related texts, films Rabbit Proof Fence by Phillip Noyce and In the Name of the Father by Jim Sheridan, my understanding of the concept of justice, or what constitutes justice, has altered considerably. We all think we know what justice is, or what it should be. In Australian colloquial terms, it is the principle of a â€Å"fair go† for everyone. In a perfect world, everyone is treated fairly. No-one is subjected to discrimination on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, sex or disability. But the reality is that the world we inhabit is far from perfect, human beings are by their very natures†¦show more content†¦For him, like many other real-life Negroes in American history, the principles underpinning political, social and criminal justice failed. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus’ belief that, â€Å"in our courts all men are created equal,† ( p. 209) makes a complete mockery of the judicial system. The recent Australian film, Rabbit Proof Fence, similarly condemns the social, political and cultural mores of colonial and post-colonial Australia in relation to its past treatment of indigenous Australians. Like To Kill a Mockingbird, it too, is set in the 1930’s and reflects similar attitudes and values whites have to black people. The film is a true story based on the book by Doris Pilkington Garimara, the daughter of one of the half-caste children in the film who, together with two other Aboriginal girls, was forcibly removed from her family in Jigalong, Western Australia. These children form part of what is now known as the â€Å"Stolen Generation†. They, like many others who lived in the first part of the 20th century, were the victims of the official government assimilationist policy which decreed that half-caste children should be taken from their families and their land in order to be made â€Å"white†. The pol icy was definitely aimed at â€Å"breeding out† Aboriginality, because only half and quarter caste children were taken. Like Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mockingbird, the three girls, Molly, Daisy and Gracie are wrongfully imprisoned, discriminated against because of